Nanomanufacturing using the bottom-up approach requires the molecules and atoms that comprise the raw materials to be assembled according to certain set rules. LB films make use of the mechanism of self-assembly of monomolecular films, whereby molecules align themselves in a uniform fashion as a result of their properties with respect to water. Research is also being carried out on other self-assembly-based techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy and vapor deposition.

All of these techniques exploit the habit of the molecules or atoms concerned to assemble into a uniform structure if provided with the appropriate conditions. In short, they enable us to create desired structures by artificially controlling natural mechanisms for the assembly of atoms and molecules.

· Molecular Beam Epitaxy

· Vapor Deposition